Bartolomeo Eustachio was born in 1524 in San Severino Marche, a little town situated in the center of Italy and belonging at that time to the Papal States.

The disease that we commonly call Graves’ disease, or Basedow’s disease in part of Europe, was actually described by Caleb Parry many years before Graves’ published a description of hyperthyroidism and ophthalmopathy.

Claude Bernard was born on 12 July 1813 in the village of Saint-Julien, in France’s Beaujolais region.

Threats of bioterrorism have renewed interest in learning more about all aspects of anthrax, particularly its deadly spores. In 1878, Louis Pasteur conducted a famous experiment on the virulence of anthrax bacilli.

The first practical discovery of adrenaline by man occurred when one of our ancestral hominids while out for a stroll was unexpectedly surprised by a sabre-toothed tiger.

Although the first suggestion that a chemical transmitter might be involved with synaptic events was made by the legendary physiologist Emil du Bois-Reymond in the late 1850’s, the development of the concept of chemical synaptic transmission probably began in 1901 by John Newport Langley.

Scientific integrative medicine finds its roots in the seemingly simple but actually enormously difficult issue of how higher organisms maintain their integrity despite the vicissitudes of life.

Tohru Ishigami was born in 1857, in the midst of a tempestuous period in Japanese history.

Any student of psychology is thoroughly familiar with Pavlov's original work on classical conditioning, which was carried out in the 1900's and established the concept of associative learning.

Corticosteroids, despite their well-recognized adverse effects, are an essential component in the treatment of many types of autoimmune and other inflammatory conditions.

In 1936 a half page report appeared in Nature under the title "A syndrome produced by diverse nocuous agents," which was authored by Hans Selye of McGill University, Montreal, Canada [1].

I first met Alick Isaacs in November, 1955.

Fifty six years ago Andor Szentivanyi and colleagues were the first to document with exact scientific methodology in animal experiments that the nervous system regulates anaphylactic reactions and antibody production.